Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English - shall
Связанные словари
Shall
shall
~ modal verb negative short form shan't 1 I/we shall used to express what you will do in the future (We shall be away next week. | I shall have finished it by Friday.) 2 shall I/we? BrE used to make a suggestion, or ask a question that you want the other person to decide about (Shall I open the window? | What shall I get for dinner? | Shall we say 6 o'clock, then?) 3 you/he/she/they shall formal or old-fashioned used to describe what will happen to someone, especially when you are saying that it is very definite (They shall be judged only by God. | I said you could go, and so you shall.) 4 we shall see spoken used when you do not know what will happen in the future, or when you do not want to give someone a definite answer 5 formal used in official documents to show a law, command, promise etc (All payments shall be made by the end of the month.)
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1.
Frequency: The word is one of the 1500 most common words in English. Note: 'Shall' is a modal verb. It is used with the base form of a verb. 1. You use shall with ‘I’ and ‘we’ in questions in order to make offers or suggestions, or to ask for advice. Shall I get the keys?... Shall I telephone her and ask her to come here?... Well, shall we go?... Let’s have a nice little stroll, shall we?... What shall I do? MODAL 2. You use shall, usually with ‘I’ and ‘we’, when you are referring to something that you intend to do, or when you are referring to something that you are sure will happen to you in the future. We shall be landing in Paris in sixteen minutes, exactly on time... I shall know more next month, I hope... I shall miss him terribly. MODAL 3. You use shall with ‘I’ or ‘we’ during a speech or piece of writing to say what you are going to discuss or explain later. (FORMAL) In Chapter 3, I shall describe some of the documentation that I gathered... MODAL 4. You use shall to indicate that something must happen, usually because of a rule or law. You use shall not to indicate that something must not happen. The president shall hold office for five years... MODAL 5. You use shall, usually with ‘you’, when you are telling someone that they will be able to do or have something they want. ‘I want to hear all the gossip, all the scandal.’—‘You shall, dearie, you shall!’ MODAL 6. You use shall with verbs such as ‘look forward to’ and ‘hope’ to say politely that you are looking forward to something or hoping to do something. (FORMAL) Well, we shall look forward to seeing him tomorrow... MODAL c darkgreen]politeness 7. You use shall when you are referring to the likely result or consequence of a particular action or situation. When big City firms cut down on their entertainments, we shall know that times really are hard... MODAL ...Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner's English Dictionary
2.
verb (past should; present singular & plural ~) Etymology: Middle English shal (1st & 3d singular present indicative), from Old English sceal; akin to Old High German scal (1st & 3d singular present indicative) ought to, must, Lithuanian skola debt Date: before 12th century verbal auxiliary 1. archaic a. will have to ; must b. will be able to ; can 2. a. — used to express a command or exhortation you ~ go b. — used in laws, regulations, or directives to express what is mandatory it ~ be unlawful to carry firearms 3. a. — used to express what is inevitable or seems likely to happen in the future we ~ have to be ready we ~ see b. — used to express simple futurity when ~ we expect you 4. — used to express determination they ~ not pass intransitive verb archaic will go he to England ~ along with you — Shakespeare Usage: From the reams of pronouncements written about the distinction between ~ and will—dating back as far as the 17th century—it is clear that the rules laid down have never very accurately reflected actual usage. The nationalistic statements of 18th and 19th century British grammarians, who commonly cited the misuses of the Irish, the Scots, and occasionally the Americans, suggest that the traditional rules may have come closest to the usage of southern England. Some modern commentators believe that English usage is still the closest to the traditionally prescribed norms. Most modern commentators allow that will is more common in nearly all uses. The entries for ~ and will in this dictionary show current usage. ...Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary
3.
v.aux. (3rd sing. present shall; archaic 2nd sing. present shalt as below; past should) (foll. by infin. without to, or absol.; present and past only in use) 1 (in the 1st person) expressing the future tense (I shall return soon) or (with shall stressed) emphatic intention (I shall have a party). 2 (in the 2nd and 3rd persons) expressing a strong assertion or command rather than a wish (cf. WILL(1)) (you shall not catch me again; they shall go to the party). Usage For the other persons in senses 1, 2 see WILL(1). 3 expressing a command or duty (thou shalt not steal; they shall obey). 4 (in 2nd-person questions) expressing an enquiry, esp. to avoid the form of a request (cf. WILL(1)) (shall you go to France?). Phrases and idioms shall I? do you want me to? Etymology: OE sceal f. Gmc ...Толковый словарь английского языка Oxford English Reference
4.
1. во втором и третьем лице выражает: 2. волю говорящего, его приказ, распоряжение и т. п. you say you will not do it, but I say you shall (do it) —- вы говорите, что не желаете этого делать, а я вам говорю, что вы это сделаете (должны будете это сделать) he says he will go there - He shall not —- он говорит, что пойдет туда. - Нет, не пойдет thou shalt not kill —- библ. не убий 3. обещание, угрозу и т. п. you shall have the book tomorrow —- получишь эту книгу завтра you shall pay for this! —- ты за это заплатишь! you shan't go to the cinema tonight —- ты сегодня вечером в кино не пойдешь you shall not catch me so easily next time —- в следующий раз тебе не удастся так легко поймать меня 4. выражает желательность или обязательность действия: shall I come here tomorrow? —- мне приходить сюда завтра? shall I get you some more tea? —- принести вам еще чаю? shall the boy wait? —- мальчику (нужно) ждать (вас)? shall we go for a walk? —- не пойти ли нам погулять? 5. в текстах законов, соглашений, приказов и т. п. выражает долженствование и часто соответствует настоящему времени: the fine shall not exceed 100 dollars —- штраф не должен превышать ста долларов it shall be unlawful to carry arms —- закон запрещает ношение оружия the Senate shall be composed of two senators from each state —- в сенат входят по два сенатора от каждого штата 6. употребляется в...Новый большой англо-русский словарь
5.
v. 1) вспомогательный глагол; служит для образования будущего времени в 1 л. ед. и мн. ч.; I shall go - я пойду 2) модальный глагол; выражает решимость, приказание, обещание, угрозу во 2 и 3 л. ед. и мн. ч.; you shall not catch me again - я вам не дам себя поймать снова; he shall be told about it - ему непременно скажут об этом; they shall not pass! - они не пройдут!; you shall pay for this! - ты за это заплатишь! ...Англо-русский словарь
6.
- O.E. sceal "I owe/he owes, will have to, ought to, must" (infinitive sculan, pt. sceolde), a common Gmc. preterite-present verb, from P.Gmc. *skal-, *skul-. The sense shifted in M.E. from a notion of "obligation" to include "futurity." Its past tense form has become should (q.v.). ...Английский Этимологический словарь
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